Here, two novel observational approaches are studied that exhaust the resolution limit of modern large telescopes in order to allow for tighter constraints on masses and growth mechanisms of BHs. Preliminary HAWAII-4RG test data is presented.ĭirect kinematical measurements of black hole (BH) masses require to resolve the sphere of influence at sub-milliarcsecond scales. This new multiplexer contains all of the HAWAII-2RG features, but provides 4 times as many pixels at a pixel pitch of 10µm. It also discusses the latest generation of astronomy FPAs: the HAWAII-4RG. This paper includes an introductory description of the HAWAII-2RG and the SIDECAR ASIC, and presents the latest test results. As a result of the SIDECAR ASIC, the detector system becomes a fully digital unit that is superior to the conventional discrete focal plane electronics with respect to power consumption, mass, volume and noise immunity. In addition, the SIDECAR ASIC, a fully integrated FPA controller system-on-a-chip, has been matured and is now being implemented in many of the next generation instruments. Since its introduction a few years ago, the HAWAII-2RG has been selected for a large number of space and ground-based instruments, including the James Webb Space Telescope. The HAWAII-2RG based focal plane arrays represent one the most advanced imaging sensor technologies for near-infrared and visible astronomy.

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